What Percent Of The World Has A Master’s Degree – The Gini index, or Gini coefficient, measures income distribution across a population. Developed by Italian statistician Corrado Giniin in 1912, it often serves as a measure of economic inequality, measuring income distribution or, less commonly, wealth distribution among a population.
The coefficient ranges from 0 (or 0%) to 1 (or 100%), with 0 representing perfect equality and 1 representing perfect inequality. Values greater than 1 are theoretically possible due to negative income or wealth.
What Percent Of The World Has A Master’s Degree
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A country in which every resident has the same income would have an income Gini coefficient of 0. Conversely, a country in which one resident earned all the income while everyone else earned nothing would have a Gini coefficient of 1 .
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The same analysis can be applied to wealth distribution (the wealth Gini coefficient), but since wealth is more difficult to measure than income, Gini coefficients usually refer to income and simply as the Gini coefficient or Gini index, without specifying that they refer to Income related. . Wealth Gini coefficients tend to be much higher than those for income.
Even in rich countries, the Gini index measures net income rather than net worth, so the majority of a nation’s wealth may still be concentrated in the hands of a small number of people, even if income distribution is relatively equal.
The Gini coefficient is an important tool for analyzing income or wealth distribution in a country or region, but it should not be confused for an absolute measurement of income or wealth. A high-income country and a low-income country can have the same Gini coefficient, as long as income is evenly distributed in each. For example, Turkey and the United States both have income Gini coefficients of around 0.39-0.40, according to the Organization for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD), despite Turkey’s significantly lower gross domestic product (GDP) per capita.
The Gini index is often graphically represented by the Lorenz curve, as shown below, which shows income (or wealth) distribution by plotting population percentiles by income on the horizontal axis and cumulative income on the vertical axis. The Gini coefficient is equal to the area under the line of perfect equality (0.5 by definition) minus the area under the Lorenz curve divided by the area under the line of perfect equality. In other words, it is twice the area between the Lorenz curve and the line of perfect equality.
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The Gini coefficient experienced sustained growth in the 19th and 20th centuries. In 1820 the global Gini coefficient was 0.50, while in 1980 and 1992 the figure was 0.657.
COVID-19 is likely to have a further negative impact on income equality. According to the World Bank, the Gini coefficient increased by about 1.5 points in the five years following major epidemics, such as Ebola and Zika. Economists believe that COVID-19 has triggered an annual 1.2- to 1.9-percentage-point increase in the Gini coefficient for 2020 and 2021.
Below are the income Gini coefficients of each country for which the US
Some of the world’s poorest countries have some of the highest Gini coefficients in the world, while many of the lowest Gini coefficients are found in richer European countries. However, the relationship between income inequality and GDP per capita is not a perfect negative correlation, and this relationship has varied over time.
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Michail Moatsos of Utrecht University and Joery Baten of Tuebingen University show that from 1820 to 1929 inequality rose slightly – then leveled off – as GDP per capita rose. From 1950 to 1970, inequality tended to fall as GDP per capita rose above a certain threshold. From 1980 to 2000, unhappiness fell with higher GDP per capita, and then rebounded sharply.
Correlation between Gini coefficients and GDP per capita in three time periods. Source: Michail Moatsos and Joery Baten.
The accuracy of the metric is dependent on reliable GDP and income data. Shadow economy and informal economic activity are present in every country. Informal economic activity tends to represent a larger share of real economic output in developing countries and at the lower end of the income distribution in countries. In both cases, this means that the Gini index of measured income overstates true income inequality. Accurate wealth data is even more difficult to obtain due to the popularity of tax havens.
Another flaw is that very different income distributions can result in identical Gini coefficients. Because the Gini tries to distill a two-dimensional area (the gap between the Lorenz curve and the line of equality) down to a single number, it hides information about the shape of the inequality. In everyday terms, this would be similar to describing the content of a photo only by its length along an edge, or the simple average brightness value of the pixels.
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Although the Lorenz curve used as a supplement can provide more information in this respect, it also cannot show demographic variations between subgroups in the distribution, such as the distribution of income by age, race or social groups. In this way, understanding demographics can be important in understanding what a particular Gini coefficient represents. For example, a large retired population pushes the Gini higher.
South Africa, with a Gini coefficient of 63.0, is currently recognized as the country with the highest income inequality. The World Population Review attributes this massive inequality to racial, gender and geographic discrimination, with white male and urban workers in South Africa earning far better salaries than everyone else.
The Gini index ranges from 0% to 100%, with 0 representing perfect equality and 100 representing perfect inequality. A Gini of 50 marks the halfway point and can generally be considered a place where income is not fairly distributed. Only 15 countries in the world have a Gini of 50 or more.
The United States has a Gini coefficient of 41.1, which is a high reading for such a developed economy. Economists blame rising income inequality in the United States.
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If the gap between the rich and the poor continues to widen, the assessment of the income gap may become more important. And the Gini index can provide a great starting point when it comes to measuring income inequality. Knowing the Gini Index numbers is not a panacea, but the measure offers a way to quantify and track the direction in which a society is moving, which could open the door to dialogue and potential solutions.
But remember that there are limitations associated with this measure. The coefficient is only as reliable as the data used to calculate it, and there is only a single digit reading that does not take into account different groups in the sample.
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The Most Surprising Masters Degree Statistics And Trends In 2023 • Gitnux
A Master of Science (Latin: Magister Scitiae; abbreviated MS, M.S., MSc, M.Sc., SM, S.M., ScM or Sc.M.) is a master’s degree in the field of science.
Unlike the Master of Arts degree, the Master of Science degree is typically awarded for studies in science, engineering, and medicine and is usually for programs that are more focused on scientific and mathematical subjects; However, different universities have different conventions and may also offer the degree for fields typically considered in the humanities and social sciences. Although it ultimately depends on the specific program, earning a Master of Science degree typically involves writing a thesis.
One of the first recipients of the degree was DeWalson Wood, who was awarded a Master of Science Degree at the University of Michigan in 1859.
Australian universities often have courses or research-based courses for graduate students. They typically run for 1-2 years full-time, with varying amounts of research involved.
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All Bangladeshi private and public universities have Master of Science courses as postgraduate degrees. These include most of the major state colleges. A number of private colleges also offer MS degrees. After passing the Bachelor of Science, every student is eligible to study in this discipline.
Like all EU member states, Belgium follows the Bologna process. In Belgium, the typical university track retained two degrees, as a two-year candidate prerequisite (replaced by bachelor) followed by a two- or three-year lictate track. The latter was replaced by the Master of Science (M.Sc.) academic degree. This system was not exclusive to science degrees and was also used for other programs such as law and literature.
In Canada, Master of Science (MSc) degrees can be primarily course-based, primarily research-based, or (more typically) a mix. Master’s programs usually last one to three years
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