Online Master’s Degree In English – (from Latin Master) a postgraduate academic degree awarded by a university or college upon completion of a course of study demonstrating mastery or advanced proficiency in a particular field of study or professional field.
A master’s degree usually requires prior study at the bachelor’s level either alone or as an integral part of the curriculum. In the framework of the study, graduate students receive in-depth knowledge on specialized theoretical and applied topics of the body; advanced skills in analysis, critical evaluation or professional application; and the ability to solve complex problems and think critically and independently.
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The master’s degree dates back to the origins of European universities, when in 1233 the papal superior decreed that anyone with a master’s degree at the University of Toulouse could teach freely at any other university. The original meaning of master’s degree is that if one is accepted for a master’s degree (ie doctor) at one university, one will be accepted for the same degree at other universities. This gradually developed into lictia docdi- (bit to teach). Initially, lecturers and professors were not distinguished, but by the 15th century it became customary in English universities to refer to teachers in the lower faculties (arts and grammar) as lecturers and in the higher faculties as doctors.
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Initially, he was awarded a Bachelor of Arts with Trivial Studies and a Master of Arts with Four Track Studies.
From the late Middle Ages until the 19th century, the form of the degree was bachelor’s and master’s degrees in the lower faculties, and bachelor’s and doctorate degrees in the higher faculties. Soon after the founding of Harvard University in the United States, the first master’s degree (Master of Arts or Master of Arts) was awarded.
In Scotland, the pre-Reformation universities (St Andrews, Glasgow and Aberdeen) made the MA the first degree in Scotland, and at Oxford, Cambridge and Trinity College Dublin certain degrees from MA to BA were subsequently completed without examination. 17th Ctury, whose main goal is to contribute to full university enrollment.
In the 1700s, Harvard’s regulations required applicants for a master’s degree to pass a public examination;
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The 19th century saw a great expansion in the various degrees of ownership represented. At the beginning of the century, the only master’s degree was the master’s degree, and this was usually considered without further study and examination. The degree of Master of Surgery was introduced by the University of Glasgow in 1815.
From 1861, through Scotland and Durham, he received the gland and the University of Dublin in Ireland.
When the Philadelphia College of Surgeons was founded in 1870, it added a Master of Surgery “as in Europe.”
However, there was considerable doubt about the quality of Scottish degrees during this period. In 1832, Lord Brougham, chancellor and alumnus of the University of Edinburgh, told the Court of Lords: “Our universities confer degrees after long residence, hard work, and little in all things. They were as strict as the charters of the universities, but the masters of the arts had no residence in Oxford and Cambridge, as in Scotland, nor could it be said that the universities were founded without examination. conditions in the awarding of compulsory letter degrees were dead.
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Then, until 1837, private examinations for a master’s degree in the newly established glandular retuli at Durham University (although, as in English universities, this would give full membership), were likewise new in 1840. The University of London, which authorized the examination of its charter.
However, in the middle of his second-level MA examination, he was threatened again, and in 1857 he moved to Dunelmans, for those who had taken BAs on the Oxbridge MA and Edinburgh routes. From 1858, other Scottish universities taught the MA as the first degree instead of the BA.
At the same time, new universities were established around the British Empire, similar to London, with supplementary examinations for the master’s degree: the University of Sydney in Australia, and in 1850 the University of Quay Ireland and the University of Bombay (now University University). Mumbai), Madras and Calcutta in India in 1857.
In the United States, the restoration of the testable master’s degree began at the University of North Carolina in 1856, followed by the University of Michigan in 1859;
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The idea of a master’s degree as a secondary qualification did not persist until the 1870s, alongside a PhD as the final degree.
Sometimes you can get a scholarship by applying for a master’s degree or at the same institution; for example, in Michigan, the “coursework” MA was introduced in 1848 and was finally awarded in 1882, while the “examination” MA was introduced in 1859.
The most important graduate degree introduced in the 19th century was the Master of Science (MSc in the US, MSc in the UK). At the University of Michigan, it was introduced in 1858 in two forms: the “course,” first given in 1859, and the “examination,” first given in 1862. “Kursta” MS was last awarded in 1876.
However, it took a long time to reach the UK. When London introduced its Faculty of Science in 1858, a new charter was granted to the academy with the power “to confer the several degrees of Bachelor, Master, and Doctor of Arts, Law, Science, Medicine, and Music”;
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The same two degrees, again omitting the Masters, were promised in Edinburgh, but the Masters were for the Arts in Scotland.
In 1862, a royal commission recommended that Durham be awarded the degree of Master of Theology and Science (with the proposed abbreviations MT and MS, against the later British practice of using MTh or MTheol and MSc for these degrees);
But his recommendations should not be followed. In 1877, Oxford introduced the Master of Science along with the Bachelor of Science, and the School of Natural Sciences to award both the Master’s and Bachelor’s degrees to students who had completed their master’s degrees.
But in 1880 the proposal for the degree of Master of Science was rejected, together with the proposal to grant the degree of Master of Arts to Masters of Science and Arts to become full members of the University.
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The scheme appears to have been kept quiet as Oxford continued to award bachelor’s and master’s degrees in science.
At the University of Victoria, both MA and MSc followed the Durham MA, which required an additional examination for those with a simple, but not honours, undergraduate degree.
At the beginning of the 20th century, four types of master’s degree were awarded in Great Britain: the Scottish master’s degree, awarded at first level; Master of Arts (Oxbridge and Dublin), awarded to all undergraduates without further study for a specified period after the first degree; a master’s degree, which could be obtained by further study or by an honors degree (which in the UK at the time involved further study beyond the ordinary degree, as in Scotland and some Commonwealth countries); and a master’s degree, which can only be obtained by further study (including all London master’s degrees). In 1903, the London Daily News criticized the practices of Oxford and Cambridge, calling their MAs “the most insidious of academic frauds” and “false degrees”.
In court correspondence “Scottish M.A.” maximum, the equivalent of an English B.A. only.” and demanded common standards for degrees, and the defenders of the ancient universities were ‘Cambridge M.A. does not pretend to be a gift of learning” and “It is very unreasonable to describe one of their degrees as spurious because the other is modern. Academies award the same degree for different reasons.
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In 1900, Dartmouth College introduced the Master of Commercial Science (MCS), first awarded in 1902. This first degree in business was the forerunner of the modern MBA program.
The idea quickly crossed the Atlantic and in 1903, with the establishment of the Manchester Faculty of Commerce, offering bachelor’s and master’s degrees in commerce.
In the first half of the year, automated degrees such as Masters degrees disappeared as Honors became the standard undergraduate qualification in the UK. In the 1960s, the new Scottish universities (apart from Dundee, which had a BA from St Andrews) introduced the BA as a Bachelor of Arts degree, returning the MA to the status of a postgraduate qualification. Oxford and Cambridge retained their graduate degrees but produced many postgraduates
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