Master Degree Is How Many Years

Master Degree Is How Many Years – (from the Latin word magister) is a scientific degree awarded by universities or colleges after a course of study.

A master’s degree usually requires previous studies at undergraduate level, either as an independent degree or as part of an integrated course. Advanced knowledge of theoretical and applied subjects is required for those who have completed a master’s degree in the field of study; higher order skills in analysis, critical evaluation, or professional application; and the ability to solve complex problems and think clearly and clearly.

Master Degree Is How Many Years

The master’s degree goes back to the founding of European universities, when a papal bull in 1233 decreed that those who passed the master’s degree at the University of Toulouse were free to teach at another university. The original meaning of the master’s degree was this: a person (i.e. a teacher) who obtained a master’s degree (degree) at a university should also be accepted for the same degree at other universities. This was eventually formulated as lictia docdī (licce to teach). At first there was no distinction between masters and doctors, but until the 15th century in English universities it was customary to call teachers of lower faculties (arts and grammar) masters and teachers of higher faculties doctors.

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Originally, the Bachelor of Arts (BA) was awarded for the study of the Trivium and the Master of Arts (MA) for the study of the Quadrivium.

From the late Middle Ages to the 19th century, the model for degrees was bachelor’s and master’s degrees in the lower faculties and bachelor’s and doctorate degrees in the upper faculties. In the United States, the first master’s degrees (Magister Artium or Master of Arts) were awarded soon after the founding of Harvard University.

In Scotland, the pre-Reformation universities (St Andrews, Glasgow and Aberdeen) developed in such a way that the Scots MA was their first degree, while in Oxford, Cambridge and Trinity College Dublin the MA was awarded to those who completed a certain qualification. Further research from the end of the 17th century, the main purpose of which was to grant full membership to the university.

At Harvard, according to 1700 regulations, master’s degree holders had to pass a public examination.

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In the 19th century, the range of master’s degrees expanded considerably. At the beginning of the year, the only graduate degree was the MA, and it was usually completed without further studies or degrees. The University of Glasgow introduced the degree of Master of Surgery in 1815.

In 1861 it was adopted throughout Scotland, as well as in Cambridge and Durham counties and at the University of Dublin in Ireland.

In 1870, the College of Surgeons of Philadelphia was founded, which also awarded a Master of Surgery “as in Europe.”

Although there is fundamental doubt about the quality of Scottish degrees in this period. In 1832, Lord Brougham, Lord Chancellor and alumnus of the University of Edinburgh, told the House of Lords: “Our universities grant degrees after long residence, after long work, and if not at all. The charters of the universities are so exacting that at Oxford and it cannot be said that the Masters of Arts at Cambridge were founded without residence or degree, as in Scotland, Universities were a dead letter by imposing conditions on the awarding of degrees.

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It was not until 1837 that separate examinations for the Master’s degree were again established at Durham University (as in the ancient Glish universities it had to be full membership), and in 1840 corresponding new examinations were introduced. According to its charter, the University of London has the authority to grant degrees by examination.

However, by mid-century, second-class MAs were again under threat when Durham switched to automatic awarding of MAs in 1857 at Oxbridge and BAs at Edinburgh. From 1858, other Scottish universities began to award Masters degrees instead of Bachelors degrees.

At the same time, new graduate universities were founded around the British Empire, like London: the University of Sydney in Australia and the University of Quay in Ireland in 1850, and the Universities of Bombay (now the University of Mumbai), Madras and Calcutta in India in 1857.

In the United States, the revival of master’s degrees as an accredited degree began in 1856 at the University of North Carolina, followed by the University of Michigan in 1859.

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The idea of ​​a second master’s degree was not born until the 1870s, but alongside the doctoral degree as a final degree.

Sometimes it was possible to get a master’s degree by exam or signature at the same institution; for example, in Michigan the “courses” MA was introduced in 1848 and was last awarded in 1882, while the “degree” was introduced in 1859.

Perhaps the most important degree introduced in the 19th century was the Master of Science (MS in the US, MA in the UK). At the University of Michigan it was introduced in 1858 in two forms: “by course,” first awarded in 1859, and “by examination,” first awarded in 1862. The “courtesy” MS was last awarded in 1876.

And in Britain it took a while for the diploma to arrive. When London introduced the Faculty of Science in 1858, the university received a new charter authorizing it “to devise the several degrees of Bachelor, Master, and Doctor of Arts, Laws, Science, Medicine, and Music.”

The University System

Although the standard Master of Arts degree in Scotland, the same two degrees, again excluding the Master’s, were awarded in Edinburgh.

In 1862, a royal commission recommended that Durham be awarded the degree of Master of Theology and Science (abbreviated MT and MS, as opposed to the British practice of using MT and MTheol and MSc for these degrees).

But his suggestions were not carried out. In 1877, Oxford introduced the Master’s and Bachelor’s degrees and the Master’s and Bachelor’s degrees, awarded to students who have obtained a degree in the Honors School of Natural Sciences.

But in 1880 a proposal to make M.A. and M.A. full members of the University was rejected.

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This system appears to have been abolished, and Oxford awarded bachelor’s and master’s degrees.

Victoria University M.A. and M.A. presided over the Durham M.A., which required a further examination to be passed by those holding the ordinary bachelor’s degree, but not with honours.

At the beginning of the 20th century, there were four different MAs in Great Britain: the first degree awarded was the Scottish MA; MA (Oxbridge and Dublin), awarded to all BA graduates without further study after a certain period of time after taking the first degree; master’s degrees, which can be obtained by postgraduate study or by completing an honors degree (which in the United Kingdom, such as Scotland and some Commonwealth countries, includes postgraduate study beyond the standard degree); and Master’s degrees that can only be obtained through postgraduate study (including all Master’s degrees in London). In 1903, London’s Daily News criticized the practice at Oxford and Cambridge, calling their masters “the most stupid of academic fraud” and “false degrees”.

Court correspondence stated that “the Scots M.A. is at most equal to the Glish B.A.” and called for uniform standards for degrees, while the ancient rejecters of the university said that “the Cambridge M.A. is no honor to learning” and that “it is absurd to describe one of their degrees as false because another is modern. Universities award the same degree for different reasons.”

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In 1900, Dartmouth College introduced the Master of Commerce (MCS), first awarded in 1902. It was the first Master of Commerce degree, the forerunner of the modern MBA.

This idea quickly crossed the Atlantic Ocean, and in 1903 Manchester established a Faculty of Commerce, which awarded bachelor’s and master’s degrees in commerce.

In the first half of the year, automatic master’s degrees disappeared as the honors degree became the standard UK bachelor’s degree. In the 1960s, the new Scottish universities (except Dundee, which inherited the MSc from St Andrews) reintroduced the BA as a Bachelor of Arts and returned the MA as a postgraduate qualification. Oxford and Cambridge retained their undergraduate degrees but acquired most of their postgraduate degrees

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